Linux内存使用率高于进程总和

我试图找出什么在吃我的记忆。 我在猜测，如果它不被用户空间进程使用，那么它可能来自内核方面。

有一些命令的输出。 我知道Linux正在使用copy-on-write，所以预期的内存使用量应该是514MB或更less（共享段总共只有7.75 MB）。 free -m报告使用了2804 MB。 我试图用python吃掉它，当它使用超过7324 MB（由free -m报告）时，它确实开始交换。 那么我怎样才能找出使用ram的2804-514 MB？ 我没有find任何简单的方法来分解内核模块使用的内存。

基本系统信息：Linux Mint 17，带有BTRFS文件系统的Thinkpad T530。

$ free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 7669 4055 3614 66 0 1250 -/+ buffers/cache: 2804 4864 Swap: 5367 0 5367 $ ipcs -m|tail -n +4|awk '{sum+=$5} END {print sum / 1024/1024}' 7.75 $ sudo ps axo pid,rss,cmd | awk '{sum+=$2} END {print sum / 1024}' 514.43 $ smem -twk Area Used Cache Noncache firmware/hardware 0 0 0 kernel image 0 0 0 kernel dynamic memory 3.6G 1.2G 2.3G userspace memory 412.3M 52.6M 359.7M free memory 3.5G 3.5G 0 ---------------------------------------------------------- 7.5G 4.8G 2.7G 

meminfo（注意，这个数字是以MB为单位的）

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 cat /proc/meminfo |awk '{print $1"\t"($2/1024)"\t"$3}' MemTotal: 7669.72 kB MemFree: 3615.05 kB Buffers: 0.078125 kB Cached: 1250.41 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 825.223 kB Inactive: 781.68 kB Active(anon): 124.059 kB Inactive(anon): 298.477 kB Active(file): 701.164 kB Inactive(file): 483.203 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB SwapTotal: 5367.33 kB SwapFree: 5367.33 kB Dirty: 0 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 356.391 kB Mapped: 52.7031 kB Shmem: 66.1211 kB Slab: 100.266 kB SReclaimable: 54.0039 kB SUnreclaim: 46.2617 kB KernelStack: 3.35156 kB PageTables: 18.0586 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 9202.19 kB Committed_AS: 1343.93 kB VmallocTotal: 3.35544e+07 kB VmallocUsed: 352.312 kB VmallocChunk: 3.35541e+07 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 58 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2 kB DirectMap4k: 294.938 kB DirectMap2M: 7578 kB 

没有改变的meminfo和其他要求的信息（请注意，自第一批信息以来已经过去了一段时间，但我试图使其尽可能相同）

 sudo ps axo pid,rss,cmd | awk '{sum+=$2} END {print sum / 1024}' 518.551 $ free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 7669 4155 3513 68 0 1202 -/+ buffers/cache: 2953 4716 Swap: 5367 0 5367 $ sudo slabtop -o -sc Active / Total Objects (% used) : 344353 / 409584 (84.1%) Active / Total Slabs (% used) : 12149 / 12149 (100.0%) Active / Total Caches (% used) : 80 / 112 (71.4%) Active / Total Size (% used) : 92748.52K / 105317.22K (88.1%) Minimum / Average / Maximum Object : 0.01K / 0.26K / 15.75K OBJS ACTIVE USE OBJ SIZE SLABS OBJ/SLAB CACHE SIZE NAME 13371 13371 100% 1.04K 452 30 14464K btrfs_inode 56280 49088 87% 0.19K 2680 21 10720K dentry 17010 14121 83% 0.55K 627 28 10032K radix_tree_node 10175 9575 94% 0.63K 407 25 6512K proc_inode_cache 29652 19386 65% 0.19K 1412 21 5648K kmalloc-192 9856 9452 95% 0.57K 352 28 5632K inode_cache 745 481 64% 5.98K 149 5 4768K task_struct 1104 1068 96% 4.00K 138 8 4416K kmalloc-4096 11200 11018 98% 0.31K 448 25 3584K btrfs_extent_buffer 1746 1679 96% 2.00K 110 16 3520K kmalloc-2048 30096 30048 99% 0.11K 836 36 3344K sysfs_dir_cache 43456 23262 53% 0.06K 679 64 2716K kmalloc-64 10368 7228 69% 0.25K 324 32 2592K kmalloc-256 2144 1911 89% 1.00K 67 32 2144K kmalloc-1024 13650 9943 72% 0.15K 525 26 2100K btrfs_extent_map 2013 2013 100% 0.96K 61 33 1952K ext4_inode_cache 3040 2472 81% 0.50K 95 32 1520K kmalloc-512 2232 1938 86% 0.66K 93 24 1488K shmem_inode_cache 1755 1735 98% 0.81K 45 39 1440K task_xstate 1584 1584 100% 0.88K 44 36 1408K mm_struct 1026 886 86% 1.06K 36 30 1152K signal_cache 525 442 84% 2.06K 35 15 1120K sighand_cache 133 127 95% 8.00K 34 4 1088K kmalloc-8192 7744 6829 88% 0.12K 242 32 968K kmalloc-128 14720 14260 96% 0.06K 230 64 920K ext4_free_data 8610 6966 80% 0.09K 205 42 820K btrfs_extent_state 12736 6989 54% 0.06K 199 64 796K anon_vma 1225 1069 87% 0.62K 49 25 784K sock_inode_cache 345 345 100% 2.06K 23 15 736K idr_layer_cache 2254 1321 58% 0.29K 84 27 672K btrfs_delayed_node 18688 14340 76% 0.03K 146 128 584K kmalloc-32 3870 3870 100% 0.13K 129 30 516K ext4_allocation_context 4875 4647 95% 0.10K 125 39 500K buffer_head 6272 6272 100% 0.07K 112 56 448K Acpi-ParseExt 252 163 64% 1.75K 14 18 448K TCP 1155 1155 100% 0.37K 55 21 440K btrfs_ordered_extent 4116 4116 100% 0.09K 98 42 392K kmalloc-96 4140 4140 100% 0.09K 90 46 360K ext4_xattr 4539 4539 100% 0.08K 89 51 356K btrfs_prelim_ref 1050 907 86% 0.31K 42 25 336K mnt_cache 882 647 73% 0.38K 42 21 336K blkdev_requests $ top -n 1 -o %MEM top - 19:38:58 up 2 days, 4:48, 21 users, load average: 0.07, 0.09, 0.13 Tasks: 267 total, 1 running, 266 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 1.1 us, 0.8 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.5 id, 0.6 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem: 7853796 total, 4270896 used, 3582900 free, 60 buffers KiB Swap: 5496148 total, 0 used, 5496148 free. 1238332 cached Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1710 root 20 0 450176 37480 23708 S 6.3 0.5 23:25.64 Xorg 3233 loj 20 0 564556 37128 8868 S 6.3 0.5 4:15.48 xfce4-terminal 1889 root 20 0 182980 33740 1500 S 0.0 0.4 0:04.07 puppet 2604 loj 20 0 457136 29468 3096 S 0.0 0.4 0:08.20 xfdesktop 2398 root 20 0 926976 28652 1244 S 0.0 0.4 1:01.01 docker.io 2605 loj 20 0 421612 24312 2612 S 0.0 0.3 1:00.18 redshift-gtk 2634 loj 20 0 568552 21900 5252 S 0.0 0.3 0:03.30 mintUpdate 2919 loj 20 0 483152 12052 4608 S 0.0 0.2 0:05.71 panel-7-indicat 2742 loj 20 0 545364 11548 5864 S 0.0 0.1 0:06.72 panel-1-whisker 2600 loj 20 0 487296 11444 5264 S 0.0 0.1 0:43.00 xfce4-panel 2645 loj 20 0 248504 10576 1408 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.92 applet.py 2596 loj 20 0 167352 9924 4176 S 0.0 0.1 2:47.19 xfwm4 2628 loj 20 0 683744 9776 3352 S 0.0 0.1 0:15.63 nm-applet 2616 loj 20 0 382528 6832 3388 S 0.0 0.1 0:11.27 xfce4-power-man 2872 loj 20 0 382416 5944 1636 S 0.0 0.1 0:02.91 gvfs-udisks2-vo 10166 root 20 0 358828 5840 1884 S 0.0 0.1 0:16.78 NetworkManager 1099 root 20 0 295828 5556 1272 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.56 polkitd 2923 loj 20 0 164404 5348 3008 S 0.0 0.1 0:02.78 panel-5-datetim 14257 loj 20 0 25384 5340 1768 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.12 bash 20503 loj 20 0 25380 5340 1772 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.16 bash 17690 loj 20 0 25396 5328 1748 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.05 bash 18732 loj 20 0 25396 5328 1744 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.05 bash 18538 loj 20 0 25396 5324 1740 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.04 bash 16501 loj 20 0 25380 5308 1744 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.06 bash 27045 loj 20 0 26316 5100 592 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.87 bash 2913 loj 20 0 149164 5096 3132 S 0.0 0.1 0:11.82 panel-4-genmon 28187 loj 20 0 25396 5028 1440 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.09 bash 2917 loj 20 0 149160 4996 3036 S 0.0 0.1 0:29.28 panel-9-genmon 16558 loj 20 0 26160 4948 592 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.02 bash 2641 loj 9 -11 371060 4940 2532 S 0.0 0.1 13:13.11 pulseaudio 2904 loj 20 0 26100 4884 592 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.21 bash 12720 loj 20 0 26076 4856 592 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.25 bash 19240 loj 20 0 25572 4844 1156 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.18 bash 11583 loj 20 0 25380 4708 1140 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.15 bash 18425 loj 20 0 25508 4692 1044 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.08 bash 4865 loj 20 0 25368 4556 996 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.30 bash 11552 loj 20 0 25384 4516 944 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.05 bash 6966 loj 20 0 51180 4332 1620 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.15 vim 2888 root 20 0 451912 4288 1624 S 0.0 0.1 0:28.69 udisksd 11310 loj 20 0 25452 4216 592 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.20 bash 2679 loj 20 0 343428 4196 1752 S 0.0 0.1 0:02.56 xfsettingsd 31494 loj 20 0 25380 4164 596 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.16 bash $ cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 7853796 kB MemFree: 3593092 kB Buffers: 60 kB Cached: 1237532 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 667844 kB Inactive: 934244 kB Active(anon): 28480 kB Inactive(anon): 412756 kB Active(file): 639364 kB Inactive(file): 521488 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB SwapTotal: 5496148 kB SwapFree: 5496148 kB Dirty: 0 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 364556 kB Mapped: 48308 kB Shmem: 76740 kB Slab: 107128 kB SReclaimable: 61012 kB SUnreclaim: 46116 kB KernelStack: 3344 kB PageTables: 18088 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 9423044 kB Committed_AS: 1382404 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 360768 kB VmallocChunk: 34359364252 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 61440 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB DirectMap4k: 304064 kB DirectMap2M: 7757824 kB $ sudo cat /proc/vmstat nr_free_pages 807707 nr_alloc_batch 3485 nr_inactive_anon 103817 nr_active_anon 14695 nr_inactive_file 157126 nr_active_file 183051 nr_unevictable 0 nr_mlock 0 nr_anon_pages 96859 nr_mapped 19398 nr_file_pages 361889 nr_dirty 0 nr_writeback 0 nr_slab_reclaimable 16123 nr_slab_unreclaimable 11793 nr_page_table_pages 4772 nr_kernel_stack 429 nr_unstable 0 nr_bounce 0 nr_vmscan_write 100293 nr_vmscan_immediate_reclaim 3432 nr_writeback_temp 0 nr_isolated_anon 0 nr_isolated_file 0 nr_shmem 21712 nr_dirtied 55931244 nr_written 55847537 numa_hit 335064087 numa_miss 0 numa_foreign 0 numa_interleave 24522 numa_local 335064087 numa_other 0 nr_anon_transparent_hugepages 28 nr_free_cma 0 nr_dirty_threshold 111416 nr_dirty_background_threshold 55708 pgpgin 129334306 pgpgout 233190636 pswpin 80715 pswpout 100268 pgalloc_dma 0 pgalloc_dma32 159890087 pgalloc_normal 257522463 pgalloc_movable 0 pgfree 424750256 pgactivate 23419593 pgdeactivate 11177646 pgfault 508757717 pgmajfault 19562 pgrefill_dma 0 pgrefill_dma32 3369566 pgrefill_normal 7975279 pgrefill_movable 0 pgsteal_kswapd_dma 0 pgsteal_kswapd_dma32 20040131 pgsteal_kswapd_normal 34430518 pgsteal_kswapd_movable 0 pgsteal_direct_dma 0 pgsteal_direct_dma32 1161023 pgsteal_direct_normal 1344398 pgsteal_direct_movable 0 pgscan_kswapd_dma 0 pgscan_kswapd_dma32 20077734 pgscan_kswapd_normal 34646412 pgscan_kswapd_movable 0 pgscan_direct_dma 0 pgscan_direct_dma32 1164470 pgscan_direct_normal 1414283 pgscan_direct_movable 0 pgscan_direct_throttle 0 zone_reclaim_failed 0 pginodesteal 63 slabs_scanned 2262272 kswapd_inodesteal 168 kswapd_low_wmark_hit_quickly 107411 kswapd_high_wmark_hit_quickly 94396 pageoutrun 231397 allocstall 37862 pgrotated 113947 numa_pte_updates 0 numa_huge_pte_updates 0 numa_hint_faults 0 numa_hint_faults_local 0 numa_pages_migrated 0 pgmigrate_success 2038063 pgmigrate_fail 3670 compact_migrate_scanned 18509229 compact_free_scanned 464282669 compact_isolated 9111435 compact_stall 3146 compact_fail 2215 compact_success 931 htlb_buddy_alloc_success 0 htlb_buddy_alloc_fail 0 unevictable_pgs_culled 0 unevictable_pgs_scanned 0 unevictable_pgs_rescued 6 unevictable_pgs_mlocked 6 unevictable_pgs_munlocked 6 unevictable_pgs_cleared 0 unevictable_pgs_stranded 0 thp_fault_alloc 5220 thp_fault_fallback 7309 thp_collapse_alloc 2740 thp_collapse_alloc_failed 1229 thp_split 2320 thp_zero_page_alloc 3 thp_zero_page_alloc_failed 0 nr_tlb_remote_flush 1119474 nr_tlb_remote_flush_received 1416528 nr_tlb_local_flush_all 3215771 nr_tlb_local_flush_one 161032407 $ sudo cat /proc/loadavg 0.52 0.35 0.27 2/1124 22236