PostgreSQL在启动后退出

我在Debian 8（Jessie）上的PostgreSQL 9.5服务器在通过service postgresql start后直接退出：

 # service postgresql status ● postgresql.service - PostgreSQL RDBMS Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service; enabled) Active: active (exited) since Fr 2016-12-02 11:02:51 CET; 11min ago Process: 2360 ExecStart=/bin/true (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 2360 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql.service Dez 05 16:29:24 dev systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL RDBMS... Dez 05 16:29:24 dev systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL RDBMS.

请注意active (exited)状态。服务器已closures，例如无法通过TCP或域套接字连接到服务器，而且找不到任何关联的进程。

但是，当我手动启动PostgreSQL时，它是有效的：

 # sudo -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin/postgres -d 3 -D /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/main/ -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/9.5/main/postgresql.conf 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-1] DEBUG: postgres: PostmasterMain: initial environment dump: 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-2] DEBUG: ----------------------------------------- 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-3] DEBUG: LC_PAPER=de_DE.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-4] DEBUG: LC_ADDRESS=de_DE.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-5] DEBUG: LC_MONETARY=C 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-6] DEBUG: TERM=xterm-256color 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-7] DEBUG: LC_NUMERIC=C 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-8] DEBUG: LC_TELEPHONE=de_DE.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-9] DEBUG: LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.axv=01;35:*.anx=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.axa=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36: 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-10] DEBUG: PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-11] DEBUG: LC_IDENTIFICATION=de_DE.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-12] DEBUG: LANG=en_US.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-13] DEBUG: LC_MEASUREMENT=de_DE.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-14] DEBUG: LC_TIME=C 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-15] DEBUG: LC_NAME=de_DE.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-16] DEBUG: SHELL=/bin/bash 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-17] DEBUG: MAIL=/var/mail/postgres 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-18] DEBUG: LOGNAME=postgres 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-19] DEBUG: USER=postgres 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-20] DEBUG: USERNAME=postgres 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-21] DEBUG: HOME=/var/lib/postgresql 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-22] DEBUG: SUDO_COMMAND=/usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin/postgres -d 3 -D /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/main/ -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/9.5/main/postgresql.conf 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-23] DEBUG: SUDO_USER=root 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-24] DEBUG: SUDO_UID=0 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-25] DEBUG: SUDO_GID=0 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-26] DEBUG: PGLOCALEDIR=/usr/share/locale 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-27] DEBUG: PGSYSCONFDIR=/etc/postgresql-common 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-28] DEBUG: LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-29] DEBUG: LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-30] DEBUG: LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-31] DEBUG: ----------------------------------------- 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-32] DEBUG: invoking IpcMemoryCreate(size=23887872) 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-33] DEBUG: mmap(25165824) with MAP_HUGETLB failed, huge pages disabled: Cannot allocate memory 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-34] DEBUG: SlruScanDirectory invoking callback on pg_notify/0000 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-35] DEBUG: removing file "pg_notify/0000" 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-36] DEBUG: dynamic shared memory system will support 288 segments 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-37] DEBUG: created dynamic shared memory control segment 1173813643 (2316 bytes) 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-38] DEBUG: max_safe_fds = 983, usable_fds = 1000, already_open = 7 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-39] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process 2016-12-05 16:34:32 CET [1593-40] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "/var/log/postgresql". (server is now up and running and can be connected to)

/var/log/postgresql不包含任何可疑内容。以下是工作手动运行的输出：

 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-1] LOG: database system was shut down at 2016-12-05 16:36:04 CET 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-2] DEBUG: checkpoint record is at 0/13823548 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-3] DEBUG: redo record is at 0/13823548; shutdown TRUE 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-4] DEBUG: next transaction ID: 0/14019; next OID: 35693 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-5] DEBUG: next MultiXactId: 1; next MultiXactOffset: 0 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-6] DEBUG: oldest unfrozen transaction ID: 617, in database 1 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-7] DEBUG: oldest MultiXactId: 1, in database 1 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-8] DEBUG: commit timestamp Xid oldest/newest: 0/0 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-9] DEBUG: transaction ID wrap limit is 2147484264, limited by database with OID 1 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-10] DEBUG: MultiXactId wrap limit is 2147483648, limited by database with OID 1 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-11] DEBUG: starting up replication slots 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-12] DEBUG: MultiXactId wrap limit is 2147483648, limited by database with OID 1 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-13] LOG: MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-14] DEBUG: MultiXact member stop limit is now 4294914944 based on MultiXact 1 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-15] DEBUG: shmem_exit(0): 1 before_shmem_exit callbacks to make 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-16] DEBUG: shmem_exit(0): 3 on_shmem_exit callbacks to make 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-17] DEBUG: proc_exit(0): 2 callbacks to make 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-18] DEBUG: exit(0) 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-19] DEBUG: shmem_exit(-1): 0 before_shmem_exit callbacks to make 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-20] DEBUG: shmem_exit(-1): 0 on_shmem_exit callbacks to make 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1700-21] DEBUG: proc_exit(-1): 0 callbacks to make 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1698-41] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1705-1] DEBUG: removing permanent stats file "pg_stat/db_12381.stat" 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1704-1] LOG: autovacuum launcher started 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1704-2] DEBUG: InitPostgres 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1705-2] DEBUG: removing permanent stats file "pg_stat/db_0.stat" 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1704-3] DEBUG: StartTransaction 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1705-3] DEBUG: removing permanent stats file "pg_stat/global.stat" 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1704-4] DEBUG: name: unnamed; blockState: DEFAULT; state: INPROGR, xid/subid/cid: 0/1/0, nestlvl: 1, children: 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1704-5] DEBUG: CommitTransaction 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1704-6] DEBUG: name: unnamed; blockState: STARTED; state: INPROGR, xid/subid/cid: 0/1/0, nestlvl: 1, children: 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1705-4] DEBUG: received inquiry for database 0 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1705-5] DEBUG: writing stats file "/var/run/postgresql/9.5-main.pg_stat_tmp/global.stat" 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1705-6] DEBUG: writing stats file "/var/run/postgresql/9.5-main.pg_stat_tmp/db_0.stat" 2016-12-05 16:48:07 CET [1701-1] DEBUG: checkpointer updated shared memory configuration values

如果通过service postgresql start运行不成功，则根本不会将日志写入/var/log/postgresql 。同样，我在/var/log/messages找不到任何与PostgreSQL相关的/var/log/messages 。

我已经通过官方仓库安装了PostgreSQL：

 # apt-cache policy postgresql-9.5 postgresql-9.5: Installed: 9.5.5-1.pgdg80+1 Candidate: 9.5.5-1.pgdg80+1 Version table: *** 9.5.5-1.pgdg80+1 0 500 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ jessie-pgdg/main amd64 Packages 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

所有这些都在VirtualBox虚拟机上。

更新1

systemd单元似乎属于postgresql-common包：

 # find /lib/systemd -iname "*postgres*" /lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service /lib/systemd/system/[email protected] /lib/systemd/system-generators/postgresql-generator # dpkg -S postgresql.service postgresql-common: /lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service # dpkg -S [email protected] postgresql-common: /lib/systemd/system/[email protected] # dpkg -S postgresql-generator postgresql-common: /lib/systemd/system-generators/postgresql-generator

这是他们的内容：

/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service

 # systemd service for managing all PostgreSQL clusters on the system. This # service is actually a systemd target, but we are using a service since # targets cannot be reloaded. [Unit] Description=PostgreSQL RDBMS [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/bin/true ExecReload=/bin/true RemainAfterExit=on [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target

/lib/systemd/system/[email protected]

 # systemd service template for PostgreSQL clusters. The actual instances will # be called "postgresql@version-cluster", eg "[email protected]". The # variable %i expands to "version-cluster", %I expands to "version/cluster". # (%I breaks for cluster names containing dashes.) [Unit] Description=PostgreSQL Cluster %i ConditionPathExists=/etc/postgresql/%I/postgresql.conf PartOf=postgresql.service ReloadPropagatedFrom=postgresql.service Before=postgresql.service [Service] Type=forking # @: use "postgresql@%i" as process name ExecStart=@/usr/bin/pg_ctlcluster postgresql@%i --skip-systemctl-redirect %i start ExecStop=/usr/bin/pg_ctlcluster --skip-systemctl-redirect -m fast %i stop ExecReload=/usr/bin/pg_ctlcluster --skip-systemctl-redirect %i reload PIDFile=/var/run/postgresql/%i.pid SyslogIdentifier=postgresql@%i # prevent OOM killer from choosing the postmaster (individual backends will # reset the score to 0) OOMScoreAdjust=-900 # restarting automatically will prevent "pg_ctlcluster ... stop" from working, # so we disable it here. Also, the postmaster will restart by itself on most # problems anyway, so it is questionable if one wants to enable external # automatic restarts. #Restart=on-failure # (This should make pg_ctlcluster stop work, but doesn't:) #RestartPreventExitStatus=SIGINT SIGTERM [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target

/lib/systemd/system-generators/postgresql-generator

 #!/bin/sh # This systemd generator creates dependency symlinks that make all PostgreSQL # clusters with "auto" in their start.conf file be started/stopped/reloaded # when postgresql.service is started/stopped/reloaded. set -eu gendir="$1" wantdir="$1/postgresql.service.wants" pgservice="/lib/systemd/system/[email protected]" mkdir -p "$wantdir" for conf in /etc/postgresql/*/*/postgresql.conf; do test -e "$conf" || continue dir="${conf%/*}" # evaluate start.conf if [ -e "$dir/start.conf" ]; then start=$(sed 's/#.*$//; /^[[:space:]]*$/d; s/^\s*//; s/\s*$//' "$dir/start.conf") else start=auto fi [ "$start" = "auto" ] || continue verdir="${dir%/*}" version="${verdir##*/}" cluster="${dir##*/}" ln -s "$pgservice" "$wantdir/postgresql@$version-$cluster.service" done exit 0

postgresql-common是从官方的PostgreSQL仓库安装的，作为postgresql-9.5包的一个依赖：

 # apt-cache policy postgresql-common postgresql-common: Installed: 177.pgdg80+1 Candidate: 177.pgdg80+1 Version table: *** 177.pgdg80+1 0 500 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ jessie-pgdg/main amd64 Packages 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status 165+deb8u1 0 500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/ jessie/main amd64 Packages

更新2

根据要求，这里是strace -f service postgresql start 在Pastebin上的 strace -f service postgresql start输出（由于它的大小）。

这里有一些事情正在进行。如果你用一个@来调用一个systemd服务，那么它就是一个启动一个实例而不是主要服务的信号。把@9.5-main告诉它要使用的实例参数。

你看到的postgres服务文件只不过是一个占位符。系统上有一个目录（通常在/run某个地方），这个目录叫postgresql.wants.d ，当postgresql.service启动的时候systemd会查找这个目录。

那个目录中的任何东西都会随着postgresql.service被告知需要它一起启动。

该目录通过shell脚本生成器文件填充，因为/run中的所有内容都是tmpfs。那就是你上面引用的shell脚本。

如果我不得不通过shell脚本的逻辑来猜测发生了什么，那么你可能已经把文件/etc/postgresql/9.5/main/start.conf设置为manual 。

这意味着生成器会跳过它，并且postgresql.wants.d永远不会与该实例名称一起添加。

根据脚本逻辑简单地删除它有正确的影响，使其自动。

您也可以将其设置为auto并执行daemon-reload以重新生成必要的configuration。

截至2017年5月26日，这个问题在Debian 8上仍然存在（据我所知）：PostgreSQL无法启动。

目前的解决scheme是发布：

 systemctl daemon-reload systemctl restart postgresql

手动启动，一切都应该是没问题的。感谢Florian Brucker在上面指出这一点。

这个bug显然在systemd中，希望能尽快解决。